From sketch to press: On printmaking

64888

Rarely we are allowed to see and reconstruct the creative process behind a print. Let's face it, it is almost impossible to picture in our mind the amount of work an artist invested in turning his idea into something visible also to other people. The long and complex process from the sketch to the press is very well documented in a series of items in our collection.

Of the print Deathmask with sunflower and dagger (64887 and 64888) by Laurent Verwey van Udenhout (1884-1913) Antiquariaat Arine van der Steur has the very original sketch, drawn on the verso of cardboard, the preparatory drawing, on its recto, and three impressions of the finished plate in different states.

64887 verso

In the sketch, Verwey van Udenhout clearly studied the space of the representation, drawing a border which is slightly smaller than the actual plate.
Here, the artists designed the shadows that the various objects would have to project on the background when invested by a light coming from the right (in the sketch, from the left in the print).
In particular, he made sure that the dagger, the sunflowers with split stem and the death mask would emerge from the background with the help of their dark cast shadows.

64887 recto

For the preparatory drawing, the artist used the plate to trace, all around it, the actual external margins including the final composition. Now the focus is on all the chromatic values. The drawing looks very similar to the final result, in reverse, in terms of dark and lit areas. Visible are the most essential lines, defining the shapes of the three objects.

Finally the three states of the etching.
The first state in our collection looks like a painting. Before pressing the etching, the artist probably brushed the surface of the plate with acid to obtain a soft brownish tone all over the impression. Such a tonal veil would be visible only for very few impressions. The lines are still thin and didascalic, whereas the other prints show a progressive flattening of the plate.
Likely Verwey van Udenhout retouched the grooves with dry point, to make them more visible once pressed. In later impression, the initial tone is completely vanished.
The ultimate effect is rather harsh, the lines are very dark and broad, and contribute to give the idea of a bas-relief rather than a work on paper.

left to right: early state and other proof in 64887 and 64888

The same creative process is also visible in another couple of sketch-etching by the same artist (64976). Here, though, the composition is somewhat dissimilar between the original drawing and the final result: the man with a moustache is sitting, but in another position and with a different gaze in the eyes.  The focus of the artist is always the facial expression, rendered with the high printing quality the young Verwey van Udenhout had achieved.

64976

Anna Bianco

The Optical print: Viewing the world from the comfort of your sofa

La Place de St. Jaques a Londres, ca. 1750-1800, 298 x 445 mm, etching/engraving/watercolour/illuminated

 

 

 

Optical prints, also known as the 'Vue d’Optique', are curious objects. These prints are characterized by mirrored titles, an exaggerated perspective effect and multilingual descriptions. Once mass produced as tourist prints, nowadays these objects are increasingly valued for their artistic character. The preserved optical prints give us an very interesting eye on how the 18th century elite viewed the world.

't Stad Huys van Amsteldam   

Daumont, Paris, ca. 1750-1800, 300 x 450 mm, etching/watercolour

These beautiful etched or engraved prints were usually hand coloured. Some of them are even made to be illuminated. This means that the contours of buildings, windows and stars are perforated with dots and figures. On the back of the print a piece of translucent paper is pasted. 
On top of this the holes are coloured. When held in front of the light you get the illusion of a landscape by night, like a magic lantern. The Print ‘t Stad Huys van Amsteldam is a good example of such an illuminated version.

Egerton & Wm. Smith & Co. (British) Zograscope, early 19th century. Wood, glass, paper, and paint. Joseph Allen Skinner Museum, Mount Holyoke College. Mount Holyoke College Art Museum, South Hadley, Massachusetts. Photograph Laura Shea. SK 2006.1957.1.INV. For more images of this incredible instrument, please visit:  http://museums.fivecolleges.edu/detail.php?t=objects&type=ext&id_number=MH%20SK%202006.1957.1.INV (last accessed January 2017). We are grateful to the Joseph Allen Skinner Museum for providing us with these beautiful images.

Illumination was not what these print were intended for. Their main feature was the perspective effect. When viewed under a so called 'zograscope', also known as a 'optical diagonal machine', the perspective of the scene was enhanced, giving the print a 3D-like effect. The print was layed in the zograscope or on a flat surface. A mirror allowed, finally, the lettering to be read straight. Throughout time the zograscope became rare, but fortunately optical prints were so beautiful they remained a popular collector's item on it’s own merit.

As mentioned, optical prints were produced as tourist souvenirs. This explains subjects as architecture, land- and cityscapes. Yet there are also other kinds of optical prints, made to tell stories. For example biblical scenes and news worthy events as the great fire of New York. Optical prints are therefore a genre going beyond picturesques mementos.

Habermann, Franz Xaver 
Representation du Rue terrible a Nouvelle York 
Augsbourg, ca. 1750-1790,  295 x 412 mm, etching/engraving/watercolour

Optical prints find their origin in the early 18th century, but their popularity came to a head in the second half of that century. The most famous publishers of optical prints arose in ‘printing capitals’ like Paris, Augsburg and London. In Paris, firms like Basset (active 1700-1865) and Daumont (active 1740-1775) were important printers. Although smaller houses as Huquier fils. (active 1750-1805), Mondhare (active 1762-1829) and Hocquart (active 1800-18..) also printed a fair share of Vue d’Optique.

Augsburg in Germany was the centre of European printmaking. Many optical prints found their origin here. Georg Balthasar Probst (1732-1801) was the most important optical printer of Augsburg. His prints, mostly after works of popular artists, are known for their clear and detailed looks. His oeuvre contains cityscapes from all over  the world (China to Delft and New York to St. Petersburg), but he also printed allegorical scenes like the planet series or biblical scenes like the The plagues of Egypt.

Le Iuppiter cinqutiéme Planéte et Son in influxion 
Georg Balthasar Probst, Augsbourg, ca. 1750-1800 
346 x 424 mm (plate: 327 x 417 mm), etching/engraving/watercolour

 
This blog is a teaser to our new catalogue Catalogue 39: Optical Prints. One hundred and forty-six of our most beautiful and extraordinary optical prints are described and illustrated in this catalogue and it will give you an example of how 18th century well-to-do men and women looked at the world from the comfort of their sofas. 

Sanne Hansler